Polar Equation Cartesian

Introduction on polar equation Cartesian :

Polar Equations:

The polar equation system is a two-dimensional equation system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction.

Cartesian Coordinates:

A Cartesian coordinate system specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.

Complex Form of Polar Equation Cartesian:
A complex number is of the form x + iy, where x, y belongs to R and 'i' is called imaginary unit (i = `sqrt(-1)` )

Let z = x+ iy,

Real part of z = Re(z) = x, and imaginary part of z = Im(z) = y.

The point (2, 8) written as 2 + 8i. Cartesian form are used to solve non linear shallow -water equations on the sphere.

Let, z1 = a + ib; z2 = c + id

z1 = z2; a = c; b = d.

Sinz = Sin (a+ib)

= Sina Cos hb + iCosa Sin hb

Cosz = Cos (a+ib)

= Cosa Cos hb  - iSina Sin hb

Sinz = Cosz

Sina Cos hb = Cosa Cos hb

Cosa Sin hb = Sina Sin hb

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Steps for Solving Polar Equation Cartesian:

The following steps are used to solve from Cartesian form to polar form,

Find the value of mod(z), | z | = `sqrt(x^2 + y^2)`

Find the `theta` value by using `tan theta = (y)/(x)`

Find q in radians.

By writing the equation in polar form, `z = r(cos theta + i sin theta)`.

Example for Solving Polar Equation Cartesian:

Question: Solve z = 1 + i in polar form.

Solution:  1) r = | z | = `sqrt(1^2 + 1^2) = sqrt(1 + 1) = sqrt2`

2) `tan theta = ` `1 / 1`  => `theta = ` 45°

3) `theta = (pi)/(4)`

4) The polar form is, z = r (`cos theta + i sin theta` )

=> z = `sqrt(2)(cos (pi /4) + sin(pi/4))`

The Polar form of z = 1 + i is, z = `sqrt(2)(cos (pi /4) + sin (pi/4))`

Semicircle Learning

Introduction of semicircle learning :

Semicircle is defined as half of a circle. That is, the angle is 180 degree arc of a circle. A triangle decorated in a semicircle is always called a right triangle.

If two curves or arcs are equal, then both the segments and sectors are similar. This each part of term is called as semicircle region.

Formulas of Semicircle Learning

A semicircle is the area enclosed by a diameter and an arc of the circle joining its two ends. The length of the resulting segment is called the geometric mean, which can be proved using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem.

Formulas:

Area of semicircle (A) =circle /2

A = (pr2)/2

Circumference of semicircle(C) = (2pr)/2

C = pr

A circumference of a semicircle is calculated for the circumference of circle divided by 2.we get,

C = 2pr ==> C/2 = pr

p = 3.14 ( approximately )

A perimeter of a semicircle is the sum of circumference and diameter of a semicircle. We get,

P = pr + 2r = r (p+2)

P = 5.14 r

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Examples of Semicircle Learning:

Semicircle learning Ex 1!:

Find the area of semicircle with radius of 12.5 cm.

Semicircle learning sol :

We can find the area of semicircle by using the following formula,

Area = (pr2)/2

Substitute the values of p and the radius into the above formula. Then we get,

= (3.14*(12.5)2)/2

Squaring the values of radius and multiplying with 3.14 then dividing by the value of 2.

= (3.14*156.25)/2

= (490.625)/2

Then we get the final answer.

=245.3 cm2

Answer: 245.3 cm2

Semicircle learning Ex 2:

Find the perimeter of semicircle with the radius 10 cm.

Semicircle learning sol :

We can find the perimeter of semicircle by using the following formula,

Perimeter = 5.14*r

Substitute the value of r into the above formula,

=5.14*10

=51.4 cm

Answer: 51.4 cm

Semicircle learning Ex 3:

Find the circumference of semicircle with the radius of 7.5 cm.

Semicircle learning sol :

We can find the circumference of semicircle by using the following formula,

Circumference C = (2pr)/2

Circumference C = pr

Substitute the value of p and the radius.

C = 3.14*7.5

C = 23.55 cm2

Answer: C = 23.55 cm2

Measuring Irregular Triangles

Introduction for measuring irregular triangles:

The irregular triangle is nothing but the triangle where the three sides are not equal and the angles present in it also different during its measurement. The only irregular triangle is the scalene triangle. Now we are going to see about the measuring of irregular triangle with some example problems.


About Measuring of Irregular Triangle:
Now we are going to see about the irregular triangles and its measurement. The irregular triangle is nothing but the scalene triangle where the sides are unequal in its length and the angles in it also unequal.

When the two sides and an angle are given and if we want to find the third side of an irregular triangle, then use the formula which is given below,

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ac * cos ?

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Problems for Measuring Irregular Triangle:

Example 1:

The sides of the triangle are 5cm and 10 cm and the angle measuring is 40. Determine the third side of the irregular triangle.

Solution:

The third side of the triangle can be calculated by using the formula,

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ac * cos ?

Now substitute the values in the formula we get,

c2 = 52 + 102  2(5)(10) * cos 40

Now square the values which are substituted in the formula as follows,

= 25 + 100  100 cos 40

c2 = 48.39

c = `sqrt 48.39`

c = 6.95

The value can be rounded as 7cm.

Example 2:

Find the third side of the triangle whose measurements of the triangle are 7cm, 8cm and angle measuring is about 50 degree.

Solution:

The third side of the triangle can be calculated by using the formula,

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ac * cos ?

Now substitute the values in the formula we get,

c2 = 72 + 82  2(7)(8) * cos 40

= 49 + 64  112 cos 50

c2 = 41

c = ` sqrt 41`

c = 6.4

The value can be rounded as 6cm.

Non Coplanar Definition

Introduction to non-coplanar points:
The points which do not lie in the same plane or geometrical plane are called as non-coplanar points. Any 3 points can be enclosed by one plane or geometrical plane but four or more points cannot be enclosed by one. The points belong to the same plane are called as coplanar points. In this article we shall be discussing the non-coplanar points. Now we know what non-coplanar point is and we shall see some examples of the non-coplanar points and solve it for the same.

Example for Non Co-planar Points
1)      From the below shown figure the points are non coplanar points as they do not lie on the same plane it lies in different planes.

2)      We can see four planes with the help of four non co-planar points.

3)      Plane is the two dimensional geometrical object.

Non co-planar points

Non co-planar points

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Solved Examples for Non Co-planar Points:

Ex 1:  Check whether the following lines are co-planar or not.

3x+6y+9 = 0 and 4x+4y+11 = 0

Sol :  The given equations are  3x+6y+9 = 0 and 4x+4y+11 = 0

The slope intercept form can be given as y = mx+b

Where m indicates slope.

Comparing the above equation with the given equation, we get:

6y = -2x-9

Dividing by 6 on both sides we get:

We get,

--- (1)

The slope intercept form can be given as y = nx+b

Where n indicates slope.

Comparing the above equation with the given equation, we get:

4y = -4x-11

Dividing by 4 on both sides we get:

y = -1

We get n = -1--------- (2)

Equation (1) (2), that is m n

That is the slopes of the two equations are not equal and therefore the points lie on the two lines are non co-planar points.

Ex 2:   Check whether the following lines are co-planar or not.

x+5y+9 = 0 and 2x+10y+11 = 0

Sol :  The given equations are  x+5y+9 = 0 and 2x+10y+11 = 0

The slope intercept form can be given as y = mx+b

Where m indicates slope.

Comparing the above equation with the given equation, we get:

5y = -x-9

Dividing by 5 on both sides we get:

We get,

------- (1)

The slope intercept form can be given as y = nx+b

Where n indicates slope.

Comparing the above equation with the given equation, we get:

10y = -2x-11

Dividing by 10 on both sides we get:

We get

--------- (2)

Equation (1) =(2), that is m = n

That is the slopes of the two equations are equal and therefore the points lie on the two lines are co-planar points.

Quadrilaterals Shapes Learning

The word Quadrilateral may look difficult but it is not so. It just means a four sided figure with four vertices (corners). Absolutely, for any figure the number of sides equals the number of angles. It has four angles too. Based on the sides and the angles, we name the figures. The word quadrilateral formed from the words quad (meaning "four") and lateral (meaning "of sides").

The word Quadrilateral doesn't rhyme with the triangles (which has one fewer side and angle) and the pentagons (which has one more side and angle). Hence, we can say Quadrangle by analogy with the Triangle. Similarly, we can also call as "Tetragon" by analogy with the Pentagon.The sides of a quadrilateral may be congruent or non-congruent, may be parallel or perpendicular. The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is found out by assuming the right angles for each angle. So, the sum of the angles = 90 + 90 + 90 + 90 = 360 degrees.
Lets have a look on the quadrilaterals shapes.

Quadrilaterals Shapes
The quadrilaterals are mainly divided by two types "Regular" and "Irregular". If all the sides and the angles are congruent, it is a Regular Quadrilateral and if they are non-congruent, then they are Irregular Quadrilaterals.Only the Square belongs to Regular quadrilateral, whereas all the other quadrilaterals are Irregular.Now, you may think that Rhombus whose all sides are congruent, why is it not included in Regular quadrilaterals. Well, I agree that the Rhombus has all sides congruent, but the angles ? Are all angles congruent too ? No, the angles in a Rhombus is not congruent.

Making all Quadrilaterals from a Square
If all the sides are equal and all the angles same in a quadrilateral, then it is a Square. Right ?
Let me show you to make all types of quadrilaterals using just a single square.
Draw a square. If you drag one side far away, there becomes a Rectangle. If you drag any two adjacent vertices to any one direction, there becomes a Parallelogram. We can also call a  Parallelogram as a Squashed Rectangle. Pull in one side of a Parallelogram inside the figure (provided the horizontal lines should not get changed), it makes a Trapezoid. If you make all the sides slant in a square, there becomes Rhombus. If you drag one vertex of a Rhombus far away, there becomes Kite.

Conic sections

The conic sections are curves obtained by making sections, or cuts, at particular angles through a cone. First we will discuss about history of conic sections. Conics are amongst the oldest of the curves, and are the oldest math subject studied systematically and thoroughly. The conics had been discovered by Menaechmus, the tutor to the great Alexander. These conics were perceived in order to solve the three problems (a) trisecting an angle, (b) duplicating the cube, and (c) squaring the circle.

If we cut a cone at different angles, then we will obtain different types of conics. There are four different types of conics that we can obtain. That is circle, where the cone is cut at right angle to its axis, ellipse, where the cone is cut at an oblique angle, parabola, where the cone is cut parallel to the generator and finally hyperbola, where a double cone is cut at an angle steeper than the generator.

Let’s discuss about conic sections formulas and conic sections equations. First is circle, the standard formula of circle is  (X^2+y^2=r^2),  where centre is (0,0) and radius is r. second is ellipse, the standard formula of a ellipse is (x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2 =1 a = 1/2) length major axis,b = 1/2 length minor axis, third one is parabola, the standard formula of parabola is 4px=y^2, where p=distance from vertex to focus. And the last one is hyperbola, the standard formula of hyperbola is (x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1), where a = 1/2 length major axis, b = 1/2 length minor axis. The general equation for all conic section is (Ax^2+Bxy+Cy^2+Dx+Ey+F=0). And by using the quadratic formula

If (B^2-4AC) <0 circle="circle" curve.="curve." curve="curve" ellipse="ellipse" is="is" no="no" or="or" p="p" point="point" the="the" then="then">If (B^2-4AC) =0, then the curve is a parabola or two parallel lines or a single line or no curve.
If (B^2-4AC)>0, then the curve is hyperbola or two intersecting lines.

The procedure of graphing conic sections, in this part first we will focus on graphing circle. If we cut a circular cone with a plane which is perpendicular to the symmetric axis of cone, then a circle is formed. The intersection line is parallel to the plane generating circle of the cone. A circle means from its center all points are at equal distance.

Now graphing of ellipse, in ellipse long axis is major axis and short axis is minor axis. Intersection point of two axis called vertices. The vertices along horizontal and vertical axis form points. This point along with center will provide method to graph ellipse in standard form.

Introduction to geometry word problems

Geometry is a part of mathematics concerned with questions of size, shape, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences. Initially the body of the practical knowledge is concerning with the lengths, areas, and volumes. (Source:wikipedia)

In this article we shall discuss about geometry word problems.

Geometry Word Problems Involving Area:

A rectangle is 4 times as extended as it is wide. If the measurement lengthwise is more than 4 inches and the width is less than 1 inch, the area will be 60 square inches. What were the dimensions of the original rectangle?

Solution:

Let x = original width of rectangle

Area of the rectangle is

A = l w

Plug in the values from the question

60 = (4x + 4) (x –1)

Use distributive property to remove brackets

60 = 4x2 – 4x + 4x – 4

Put in quadratic formula 4x2 – 4 – 60 = 0

4x2 – 64 = 0

This quadratic written as a difference of two squares

(2x) 2 – (8)2 = 0

Factorize Difference of two squares are

(2x) 2 – (8)2 = 0

(2x – 8)(2x + 8) = 0

Therefore the values for x is

Since x is a dimension, it would be positive.

So, we take x = 4

The question wants the dimensions of the original rectangle.

The width of the given rectangle is 4.

The length is 4 times the width = 4 × 4 = 16

Answer: The dimensions of the rectangle are 4 and 16.

Geometry Word Problems Involving Perimeter:

 A triangle has a perimeter of 50. If 2 of its sides are equivalent and the third side is five more than the equivalent sides, what is the length of the third side?

Solution:

Let x = length of the equal side

The formula for perimeter of rectangle

P = sum of the three sides

Plug in the values from the question

50 = x + x + x+ 5

Combine like terms

50 = 3x + 5

Isolate variable x

3x = 50 – 5

3x = 45

x =15

The question requires length of the third side.

The length of third side is = 15 + 5 =20

Answer: The length of third side is 20

Practice Geometry Word Problems:

A triangle has a perimeter of 80. If 2 of its sides are equivalent and the third side is five more than the equivalent sides, what is the length of the third side?
                   Answer: The length of third side is 30

A triangle has a perimeter of 95. If 2 of its sides are equivalent and the third side is five more than the equivalent sides, what is the length of the third side?
                   Answer: The length of third side is 35